Under what circumstances can a court reporter disclose privileged communications?

A court reporter is bound by confidentiality obligations, which are crucial for maintaining the integrity of the judicial process and protecting the rights of the individuals involved in legal proceedings. The correct choice indicates that a court reporter can disclose privileged communications only with the consent of the involved parties or as required by law. This means that unless consent is given or a legal mandate exists (like a subpoena), a court reporter is not permitted to reveal any information obtained during the course of their duties.

This standard ensures that sensitive information remains confidential, fostering trust between the court and participants. It also upholds the principle of attorney-client privilege and other legal privileges that shield certain communications from disclosure. By adhering to these guidelines, court reporters not only comply with ethical standards but also protect the fundamental rights of all parties involved in legal matters.

In contrast, the other answer choices misrepresent the conditions under which a court reporter can disclose information. For example, disclosure upon request from a judge does not necessarily provide a legal basis for breaching confidentiality, while public knowledge does not negate the obligations of confidentiality. Similarly, relating information to a criminal investigation does not automatically permit disclosure without the appropriate consent or legal justification.